Business Memo on AVON Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Memo on AVON - Essay Example An ever increasing number of ladies tried to be something other than homemakers and low maintenance salesmen and all the more significantly less ladies bought items entryway to entryway. New imaginative methods of selling such items are being received by its rivals like claim to fame retail chains. Auctioning through web was taking off in a major manner. There were no uncertainty numerous different reasons likewise contributed at this; item situating and value (Avon’s items had little intrigue with teenagers and many lower-pay ladies discovered Avon’s items excessively costly), poor brand picture (not charming), deficient exploration and absence of new items, yet these as has been seen could be immediately tended to with suitable outcomes. While recommending answers for issues, it is being taken without addressing for the time being that the organization wouldn't like to change its guiding principle of arriving at clients dominatingly through its immediate agents. Avon is the world’s biggest direct merchant of magnificence items (Miller and partners, 107). Regardless of whether the organization is determining serious edge through this procedure isn't evident in view of absence of information. Accepting it does, the answer for the difficult should address the issue of how to all the more likely prepare its salesmen to convey better. The arrangement to sum things up would see the whole showcasing model is reengineered to see that the selling operators include generous incentive as channel accomplices to the organization, just as make scope for themselves to gain considerably more and get self-satisfaction in their relationship with Avon. Such an activity should likewise make it feasible for the organization to get adaptable in choosing its channels of showcasing. Players in the CFT business work in an oligopolistic showcase (Oligopoly watch 19 March 2006). No organization gets advantage from one sole special upper hand. They follow a few systems

Goals and objectives of Power Supermarkets

Objectives and targets of Power Supermarkets Presentation Preceding 1997, Pennys regularly imparted destinations to Power Supermarkets, additionally at the time an ABF auxiliary; anyway this training stopped after the offer of PSL to Tesco in 1997. ABF chose to keep up control of Primark as opposed to sell it on likewise, in spite of the way that it is the main non-food part of the activity. In July 2005 Primark/Associated British Foods bought the 120 branch Littlewoods retail chain for  £409 million. A portion of the stores, differently detailed as 30 or 50, will be changed over into parts of Primark, yet the larger parts are relied upon to be sold on to different retailers. The Littlewoods inventory business has been held by the Barclay siblings and will keep on working under the Littlewoods brand. The organization utilizes more than 10,000 individuals, and own few brands, including: Air womans wear Cedar wood State easygoing menswear Denim Company easygoing menswear Steward Webb formal menswear early days infant/childrens wear Revolutionary young men wear Mystery Possessions undergarments Youthful Dimension childrens wear The organization is known for tending towards the spending end of the market, interestingly with numerous other apparel retailers which have gone up advertise. Dissect the objectives and targets utilizing the statement of purpose as the premise. Statement of purpose: To allow normal society to purchase a similar thing as rich individuals. Points and Objectives: Long haul destinations: To consistently be the primary selection of clients To ensure that clients stay with primark and ought not select whatever other store that is contender of primark The business inside the association will consistently be client driven. The remain the pioneer of the market as far as possible To prepare all the workers up to global gauges and let them mindful of client relationship the executives. To prepare the workers for administrative levels. Empower, drive and bolster activities, advancement and inventiveness, profiting by chances to help operational objectives and techniques. To accomplish worldwide gauges from the beginning Drive and backing ISO guidelines all through the Organization Cultivate an open and positive group condition to get and disperse heading, thoughts and changes to all store levels and fitting colleagues. Explicit goals To give modest items Control psychologist, costs, and finance. Guarantee deals floor is sufficiently supplied, marked, and promoted to mark introduction. Consistently assess and respond to execution issues while proactively employing, creating and holding the stores group in an auspicious way. Examine and measure business patterns; create and actualize plans to augment deals and meet or surpass objectives and goals. Advancements Keep nature inside the association struggle free. Never under any circumstance bargain on rules and guidelines. offer most ideal types of assistance To keep the earth clean subterranean insect clean with the goal that clients doesnt get any untidy view. Give great, design fundamentals at esteem at cash costs. To accomplish an authoritative objectives and destinations each association, firm or organization have some short and long haul procedures to accomplish their objectives and target to expand their riches or benefits. Same like different associations, since 1991 Objectivity has been building up a few frameworks for Primark utilizing various advancements. As of late a modern Purchase Order and Purchase Order Matching framework has been created just as an electronic Stock recharging framework. Objectivity additionally keeps up and bolsters all Primarks programming applications and databases on a 247 premise. This incorporates Unify, Microsoft, Oracle and Java innovations. Electronic traditions freedom, committed warehousing and appropriation administrations encourage stores in their control of stocks to help deals. Modernized regularly updated deals and stock data, by size and shading is accessible to the executives whenever. Primark flourishes in a culture that perceives human cleverness and vitality as the driver, as opposed to the frameworks that help it. Choosing, altering and executing an arrangement can be a mind boggling process. These are a few stages of the procedure including: Audit the businesses controlled gathering as well as associated administration bunch circumstance. Structure an arrangement custom-made to the requirements of the proprietors, representatives and the business itself. On the off chance that the arrangement is now in presence, they survey the current arrangement arrangements and prescribe changes to completely meet the businesses objectives and targets. Get ready arrangement reports as required by the IRS. Set up the solicitation for an IRS assurance letter, if appropriate. Set up the Summary Plan Description required to be conveyed to design members. Plan redid enlistment and regulatory materials. Direct representative gatherings to convey the arrangements of the arrangement. Characterized Contribution Plan Record keeping and Administration We play out the accompanying administrations so as to accommodate smooth and effective arrangement activity: Compute worker qualification and plan passage. Keep up member vested rate records. Procedure every finance, distributing commitments and advance installments as indicated by the members speculation decisions. Procedure finance moves as per member races. Decide qualification for assignment of manager commitments and relinquishments. Distribute manager and representative commitments. Distribute plan profit. Allot relinquishments, if relevant. Appropriation handling: Calculation of dissemination sum, arrangement of required circulation takes note. Advance handling: Set up of credit accounts, arrangement of promissory note and amortization timetable and following advance reimbursements. Hardship withdrawal handling: Determination of hardship appropriation sum and planning of use structures. Accommodate trust accounts. Plan modified member articulations. Fundamentally assess the qualities and shortcomings, contemplating all the natural variables. Qualities: The Primark items are in acceptable quality as contrast with their rivals, that is the reason clients lean toward their items than some other stores items. Primark has numerous outlets which are effectively available to their client which we can without much of a stretch find in each high road and town focus. Primark has significant brand among their client that is the explanation that each outlet is brimming with horde of clients. Primark items are reasonable to their client while their rivals are costly their items for instance the dominant part result of Primark under  £10 which are low value which draw in the clients for purchasing. They are generally excellent in the executives and keep appropriately selected staffs which help in fulfilling their clients. Primark has present day completely prepared data frameworks which are help full in dealing with the associations, which is help full in expanding their efficiency benefit and forestalling any misfortune for association. Primark has broadened in various items which spread the requirements of children, keeps an eye on, womens and adolescent, that is the reason we see each sort of items for each client. As I would see it the shop Primark is an outright blessing to every one of those understudies and individuals who are stone cold broke and need something new to light up their closet! Primark is a huge shop in many shopping centers in towns the nation over which sells elegant and sensible quality garments at a deal cost. Nowadays garments are more costly than a couple of years prior, which means kids and understudies purchasing garments can get far less for what they spend, however too bad there is a guardian angel, Primark went along selling a similar kind of garments as Top shop, Miss Selfridge, and adornments as Accessorize at a tenth of the cost. Shortcomings: In spite of the fact that Primark has low costs yet assessment of numerous clients isn't trust dependable on the grounds that their are thinking on the off chance that we purchase in low cost than items will be not tough. Their stores items are not appropriately set for their clients so there are the fundamental issues with Primark. Chaotic, untidy, swarmed, and hot and by and large an exceptionally tedious, worked up shopping experience however lets not over look their recovering highlights. The clients benefits much of the time neglect to help their clients in giving their decision, size and shading so their fore most clients are upset and disappoint their clients from the associations, which make bed picture among their clients, and straightforwardly sway the selling of association. They design Primarks items are not appropriately overseen which make bed sway on the clients, so their fore the associations ought to appropriately deal with the items in explicit segments which should help in finding the items for the clients. Primark outlets have no vehicle leave zone which cause trouble for the clients which losing such a significant number of clients as a result of their no legitimate vehicle leaving territory, as dominant part their rivals have their own vehicle leaving region. In Primarks clients administrations are not very many while clients in crowed that is the reason you see long and long lines, which are extremely enormous issue for their clients, while their rivals appropriately deal with their clients, and you never observe long line there. Suggest a vital model for the association. Legitimize the decision of the model Vital Model: Vital arrangement for a key Model gives a guide to progress and the structure for away from of what is significant and what isn't significant for an association movement/progression for example Primark.Without one your association is in danger of failing to meet expectations or even disappointment. Vital arranging is a key initiative instrument and procedure for choosing what the organization ought to do. It starts with by characterizing authoritative points and purposes, trailed by detailing the way to accomplish those reasons. In particular, it gives guidance for usage of operational and strategic arranging. Vital planni

Safety Cultures A Case Study from the Oil and Gas Industry free essay sample

These definitions share a repeating theme, the possibility that culture is socially built. At the end of the day, individuals from the way of life being referred to make, characterize, secure and instruct it to new individuals. People can't work without societies. These frameworks give roadIN BRIEF maps to their individuals to know how †¢This contextual analysis talks about to understand what's going on in how new preparing recordings were their lives and how to manage it. Patdeveloped for high-hazard, blueton (2002) characterizes culture as: neckline laborers in the oil and [T]hat assortment of conduct patgas extraction industry. terns and convictions that establishes: †¢NIOSH’s Oil and Gas Injury †¢standards for choosing what is; Reduction venture is centered †¢standards for choosing how around growing socially one feels about it; pertinent and adequate mate†¢standards for choosing what to rials for laborers. do about it; †¢Steps for undertaking a †¢standards for concluding how to word related ethnography or approach doing it. We will compose a custom paper test on Wellbeing Cultures: A Case Study from the Oil and Gas Industry or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page p. 81) work culture study are examCulture has been portrayed as â€Å"the ined, as are thoughts on why work aggregate programming of the brain stories matter, and who may be the best individuals to which recognizes the individuals from one gathering or classification of individuals from star in preparing recordings. another† (Hofstede, 1997, p. 5). Sim†¢Tips on making preparing employ, culture is â€Å"the way we do things recordings in the field are offered around here. † also. An individual can be an individual from Elaine T. Cullen, Ph. D. , M. B. A. , CMSP, has gone through about 40 years in the field of word related security and wellbeing research, having some expertise in underground coal and hard rock mining. Situated in Spokane, WA, she worked for the U. S. Agency of Mines’ Spokane Research Lab for a long time, at that point for NIOSH, for which she was the lab’s interchanges boss. Subsequent to resigning from the national government, she began Prima Consulting Services and is as of now filling in as a word related wellbeing advisor with NIOSH’s Oil and Gas Injury Prevention program. Cullen’s essential research interests are in creating successful preparing for high-chance laborers, and in the force stories need to show work environment wellbeing. She is an individual from ASSE’s Inland Northwest Chapter and of the Mining and Oil Gas practice claims to fame. Successful Training By Elaine T. Cullen C various societies. An individual might be an individual from a family that has its own guidelines and conventions; s/he might be an individual from a congregation that gives clear direction on what comprises moral conduct; s/he might be a graduate of a school with very much characterized traditions; and s/he may work for an association with built up approaches and methodology. Each culture contrasts from the others, with various individuals, and with decides and gauges that administer various components of a person’s life. These societies share basic characteristics, be that as it may. Societies: †¢are socially built frameworks; †¢have created after some time; †¢are shared by the entirety of the individuals; †¢define who is a part and who isn't; †¢provide a social guide on what is satisfactory and what isn't; †¢can be hard to portray however are very clear to the two individuals and outcasts. Societies are significant in light of the fact that they control, to a huge degree, the activities of everybody within them. Arnould and Wallendorf (1994) portray culture as â€Å"the aggregate of educated convictions, qualities, and customs that serve to request, manage, and direct the conduct of individuals . . . [it is] that which one has to know to carry on in a way adequate to its members† (p. 485). An individual from a culture can't conflict with that culture and hope to 40 ProfessionalSafety MARCH 2011 www. asse. organization stay a confided in insider. The way of life will consistently have punishments for rule breakers; in outrageous cases, those punishments will incorporate expulsion. Word related Ethnography Occupational societies have specific criticalness for SHE experts since they control how laborers carry on at work. Laborers in high-hazard enterprises, for example, mining, business angling, or oil and gas extraction don't for the most part characterize themselves by who they work for, but instead by what they do. In a large number of these enterprises, laborers are genuinely transient, moving from mine to mine, vessel to pontoon, or apparatus to fix, looking for better compensation, yet in addition for better working conditions or, at times, to accomplish something other than what's expected. Hard rock digging has a term for these excavators, calling them tramp excavators, since they tramp from site to site, or gypos, a term by and large accepted to get from their wanderer nature. Laborers who allude to themselves as gypos, roughnecks or seiners are more firmly associated with their word related standards than to any organization approaches. In the event that they don't care for the organization rules, they basically proceed onward. Approaches and methodology that are not satisfactory to a work culture won't be embraced by the workforce, paying little heed to hierarchical results. Along these lines, it bodes well for an individual attempting to persuade laborers to change the manner in which they get things done to comprehend their work societies and to utilize those societies as opposed to battle against them. Ethnography is the investigation of human societies. While sociologists frequently use ethnography to realize why youngsters begin smoking, for instance, or how intimate requests pull in new individuals, it is an astounding instrument to figure out how word related societies work. It is the essential device utilized in a NIOSH venture concentrated on creating powerful security and wellbeing preparing for the landbased oil and gas (OG) extraction and creation industry, ordinarily known as the upstream segment of that industry (which incorporates investigation, penetrating and all overhauling activities for the wells themselves). Research remembered for this venture is subjective instead of quantitative in nature in that specialists are increasingly keen on finding what is happening and why than in estimating or assessing. Social event Information on Work Cultures If word related culture is a key to specialist conduct, at that point it bodes well that a wellbeing mentor, preparing engineer or administrator ought to comprehend the standards and qualities, the desires and restrictions, the legends and the scalawags, and, especially, the narratives shared among individuals from the way of life. These variables give hints about what controls the way of life has on the laborers, and all can be utilized to make preparing that not exclusively will be acknowledged, yet additionally esteemed. How can one start to contemplate a work culture? A work culture can't be concentrated viably from a separation. To become familiar with the way of life and the main thing to laborers, one must visit worksites and invest energy with laborers, regardless of whether on angling vessels or at building locales, mines or oil rigs. When NIOSH supported the undertaking to consider the way of life of OG extraction and creation laborers, the initial step was to make a sorted out arrangement to accumulate data on key themes. This arrangement depended on encounters and information picked up while contemplating mining societies. This included: †¢demographic designs; †¢environmental issues; †¢work rehearses; †¢occupational standards and qualities; †¢workplace restrictions and disallowances; †¢language one of a kind to this culture; †¢beliefs normal to laborers, especially convictions about wellbeing; †¢geographical contrasts starting with one oil field then onto the next; †¢recognized legends and coaches; †¢stories told by individuals; †¢differences in organization societies. Ethnographers accumulate this sort of data in three essential manners (LeCompte Schensul, 1999). They study: 1) what individuals state (this incorporates the â€Å"tribal language† or language generally utilized); 2) what individuals do; 3) what curios (or records) they decide to make. Concentrating any culture in situ requires inundation of the analyst, somewhat, in the work culture itself. While SHE staff might be enticed to make recommendations or attempt to impact workers’ activities while watching, it is basic to avoid the way and make no endeavor to change or predisposition the way of life at this phase of the procedure. This does exclude circumstances where workers’ lives are at serious risk. SHE experts must address those right away. ) To build up a legitimate image of work culture that is helpful for making socially satisfactory preparing materials, the analyst must remain impartial, and bind his/her activities to posing inquiries, looking for explanation and viewing. Those acclimated with quick reactions to any circumstance may at first see an ethn ographic examination as a since quite a while ago, drawn-out procedure, especially in the event that they have no earlier information on the work or the way of life of the laborers. In any case, finding out about specialists so as to make wellbeing preparing that is exceptional to their necessities is certainly not an exercise in futility. The most evident advantage is the capacity to make increasingly powerful preparing. Finding out About the OG Industry The information gathering plan for this task started with going into the field and conversing with laborers. The OG extraction industry in the U. S. is separated www. asse. organization MARCH 2011 ProfessionalSafety 41 Photo 1: Walking rigs are enormous land-put together apparatuses utilized with respect to areas where various wells are penetrated in a little zone. nto unmistakable fields that are followed and detailed by the Energy Administration Information office of the Department of Energy (www. eia. doe. gov/oil_gas/rpd/topfields. pdf). Certain fields were chosen as beginning stages, remembering the Permian Basin for west Texas, the Piceance Basin in western Colorado, the San Juan Basin in northwest New Me xico, the Barnett Shales in focal Texas, the Jonah Fields of northern Colorado, and the TXLA-MS Salt Province of east Texas and Louisiana. These fields I

Last Days Of Socrates Essay - 2248 Words

The Last Days of Socrates Plato. The Last Days of Socrates. London: Penguin Books Ltd., 1993 Imagine the time just after the death of Socrates. The people of Athens were filled with questions about the final judgment of this well-known, long-time citizen of Athens. Socrates was accused at the end of his life of impiety and corruption of youth. Rumors, prejudices, and questions flew about the town. Plato experienced this situation when Socrates, his teacher and friend, accepted the ruling of death from an Athenian court. In The Last Days of Socrates, Plato uses Socrates’ own voice to explain the reasons that Socrates, though innocent in Plato’s view, was convicted and why Socrates did not escape his punishment as offered by the†¦show more content†¦At first, I was shocked to read this because it would seem that the rich could go unpunished for crimes. But then when I considered our court system in America, I discovered that we are not too much different even though we try to be totally fair. The wealthy, such as O.J. Simpson, can afford many lawyers at astronomical cost and, whether guilty or not, can almost ensure an acquittal. In his writings, Plato wants to explain why Socrates accepted the penalty of death from the Athenian court. This is very important because Plato wanted Socrates to be seen in a positive, glorified light. In the public eye, why would Socrates be convicted if he were not guilty of failing to serve the gods and of swaying the youth? Also, why would he submit to the court’s ruling unless he thought he deserved the punishment? Not only the general public, but also Socrates’ followers and friends were concerned and wanted to know the answers to these questions. Thus, Plato writes about Socrates’ confusion about the charges about impiety, his defense, and his sense of duty to his city’s laws in a way that is designed to make Socrates seem appealing to the Athenian people. While accomplishing this goal, Plato almost defines the relationship between the individual and the society and the relation of state and religion. The first topic discussed is Socrates’Show MoreRelatedThe Prince And The Last Days Of Socrates1987 Words   |  8 PagesPrince and The Last Days of Socrates, Niccolà ² Machiavelli and Socrates give their respective personal discourses on what makes an effective leader and what are favorable practices of politics. Although both men have intense nationalism and agree on the ends of their operations being a prosperous principality, it is how they plan to get there, in which the two men differ. Machiavelli believes in a cautious, unexamined approach to statecraft where the ends justify the means while Socrates believes inRead More Recounting the Last Days of Socrates in Crito Essay1379 Words   |  6 PagesRecounting the Last Days of Socrates in Crito In the Last Days of Socrates the dialogue â€Å"Crito† recounts Socrates last days before his execution. Socrates had been accused of corrupting the youth and not worshipping the Gods of the state. During his trial he denied all accusations and attempted to defend himself by proving his innocence using reason . He was judged to be guilty and given a death sentence. His long time friend Crito proposes to Socrates a plan to escape from his death sentenceRead MoreEssay on Plato’s Crito: The Last Days of Socrates 1134 Words   |  5 Pages As Socrates awaits his upcoming execution; he is visited before dawn by a close old friend Crito. Crito has made arrangements to help Socrates escape from prison. 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Analysis Of The Movie The Heart Of The Sea - 905 Words

December is usually a time of celebration where most people enjoy the holidays loved ones. Unlike every other year, this season will include a blockbuster film that is loosely based off the classic tale, Moby Dick. However, the trailers for In the Heart of the Sea, directed by Ron Howard, are based of a book version with the same title. The abstract idea of this movie sounds phenomenal, but the when it comes to the teaser trailer that is supposed to be about a giant whale, it did not seem to make a splash. The movie is not slated to be released until December 11, 2015, but it is clear to see that the teaser trailer has given the movie a negative vibe. Luckily, the official trailer was released about a month later, and it has revived the film through the extremely well crafted usage of plot details, appropriate music, and dialogue. Ron Howard started his career as a child actor on the classic television shows. Soon later he began breaking the barrier into movies, and Howard convinced Roger Corman, a producer, to help him direct Howard’s film project. Three years later, Howard evolved into a well established movie director. Mr. Howard has now directed many movies that have resulted in success. For example, he is the genius behind the movie, â€Å"Apollo 13† (Ron Howard Biography). The award winning director’s latest project has had a difficult beginning, but is now steadily evolving into a great film thanks to the official trailer. In the Heart of the Sea is completely setShow MoreRelatedCaptain Phillips1271 Words   |  6 PagesName Professor Course Date Film project contrast paper Introduction Captain Phillips movie, examines the 2009 hijacking of a U.S container ship, by the name Maerks Alabama. The movie stars Tom Hanks as Richard Phillip (IMDb). It is a hard pounding thriller that exhibits the creativity of its director Paul Green Grass. 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The film crew behind ‘The Cove’ does this in a way that is informative and accurate, while presenting the information in a manner that allows the viewer to draw their own opinions. ‘The Cove’ follows famous Dolphin Trainer-turned-activist Ric O’Barrey into the dangerous land of Taiji, Japan

Ethical and Moral Issues Memo free essay sample

Kimber Rueff Ethical and Moral Issues in Business Ethical and moral issues in business go hand in hand, and go along well with one another. We each have our own moral standards that make us who we are and what we stand for. Our character comes from our moral ethics, and how we were raised to handle ourselves in certain situations. Ethical behavior comes from society and how we are perceived by society. Ethics in a business setting involves both morals and strong ethics.I am going to attempt to explain what the difference is between moral ethics and business ethics in this paper. The first thing to figure out is what is considered an ethical issue and what is considered a moral issue. The best way to answer that is an ethical issue is one that sets a standard or code, that affects society, and a moral issue is one that defines who you are as a person, or your character. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical and Moral Issues Memo or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example, a fellow employee is stealing and you know what they have done. How do you handle this situation?The ethical view would be to view it as many would; â€Å"This person is stealing, I know it, others may know it, the act is wrong and against the code of conduct. I must turn them in because this is wrong. † A person that takes on the moral issue in a biblical sense would say; â€Å"This is wrong and the bible says thou shall not steal. † Although many of us do not think in biblical terms, we do still have a conscience that helps us determine what is right and wrong. Our families may teach us the differences and hold us accountable.This can be carried into our careers but we need to keep our moral ethics in line with what is more important for the company as a whole; this includes the public. In a business setting moral ethics plays a small role because as a business, the responsibility involves many people. It could involve shareholders, managers, fellow employees and the public. Although as individuals we tend to think of how one would handle certain situations morally, we need to think of how decisions we make could affect others.For example, if a situation of theft occurred, let’s pretend that it was not just money, but that it was insider trading. Insider trading is stealing money from other investors because the person doing the trading is receiving news that has not been released to the public and is not known to many in the company. This is ethically wrong because it could cause an issue with customers, shareholders, and investors. Plus, not to mention, insider trading is a crime.

Wolfgang Mozart an Example by

Wolfgang Mozart I. Introduction Need essay sample on "Wolfgang Mozart" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian composer. One of the outstanding masters of the Classical period, he composed works in almost every form. His masterpieces for the piano, symphony orchestra, and operatic stage are favorites in the standard repertoire People Very Often Tell EssayLab writers: I'm not making my way to delivering a topics essay before the deadline. Someone keep me from losing control! Click On Order Button And Get Set To Be Impressed University Essay Writing Service Write My Essay Online Reviews Writes Paper For You Is It Illegal To Write Papers For Money II. Background A. His Life Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in Salzburg, where his father, Leopold Mozart (1719-1787), was a composer and violinist serving the archbishop. Young Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart began his musical studies with his father when four years old. He played the clavichord and harpsichord, and composed minuets and other pieces. At the age of six the boy, with his sister Marianne, gave concerts in Munich and Vienna. In the next three years Mozart visited London, Paris, and other cities, delighting the courts with his technical skill and amazing powers of improvisation. In Vienna in 1768, Mozart wrote his first opera, la finta semplice, at the request of the emperor. Court intrigues, however, prevented its production until the following year in Salzburg. At 13, Mozart became director of concerts for the archbishop of Salzburg. During the next decade Mozart composed numerous works and visited Milan, Rome, and other Italian cities. In 1772, the archbishop died. His successor cared little for music or for Mozart. After many disagreements, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart left Salzburg in 1781 and settled in Vienna. The following year he married Constanze Weber. Although many commissions came his way, Mozart was unable to secure a good court position. He struggled to earn a living by teaching, giving concerts, and composing light dance music. The Marriage of Figaro, produced in 1786, was followed the next year by another operatic masterpiece, Don Giovanni. In 1788 the emperor gave him a minor court appointment. During six weeks that same year, Mozart composed his last three symphonies---those in C (the Jupiter), E Flat, and G minor. He wrote the opera Costi Fan Tutte in 1790. In the last year of his life Mozart composed The Magic Flute, an opera, and Requiem Mass, a choral work written almost as if in anticipation of his own death. it was unfinished at the time of his death and was completed by his pupil Sussmayr. Suffering from illness and overwork, Mozart died in Vienna at the age of 35. He was buried in an unmarked paupers grave. The Marriage of Figaro is a comic opera in four acts by Mozart. The Libretto, written by Lorenzo de Ponte, is based on a comedy by De Beaumarchais. The opera was first performed, in Vienna, in 1786. The overture and the aria Deh vieni non tardar are popular selections. The Marriage of Figaro continues the story told in Beaumarchais The Barber of Seville. It takes at the palace of Count Almaviva near Seville in the 17th century. Figaro, the popular barber, is now the counts valet. A complicated plot of love affairs develops before Figaro can marry Susanna, the maid. The Magic Flute, an opera in two acts by Wolfgang Mozart. Emmanuel Schikaneder wrote the libretto, which is in German. The Magic Flute is a singspiel, an opera that has spoken dialogue, instead of recitatives, connecting the arias. An allegory and political satire, The Magic Flute symbolizes the ideals of Freemasonry. The story takes place in ancient Egypt. With the help of a magic flute, the love of Prince Tamino and Pamina, daughter of the evil Queen of the Night, triumphs after Tamino has passed a series of tests. The opera was first performed in Vienna, in 1791. Don Giovanni, a comic opera in two acts also written by Mozart. The Libretto in Italian, based on the story of the legendary lover Don Juan, was written by Lorenzo da Ponte. Don Giovanni was first performed in Prague in 1787, where it was an immediate success. Popular selections from the opera are the overture, the minuet, the arias Il mio tesoro and Deh, Vieni alla finestra, and the duet La ci darem la mano. B. His Music Mozart was not an innovator or reformer. The many tours he made as a child prodigy taught him a variety of musical styles. Absorbing these styles, he created one of his own. His music, marked by melodic richness, reflects a variety of emotions. He often expressed deep and passionate feeling. Mozart composed more than 600 works but did not use opus numbers. In the 19th century his works were arranged chronologically by Ludwig von Kochel, an Austrian nobleman. They are usually identified by K, or Kochel, numbers. In his instrumental works Mozart brought Classical form to perfection. A piano virtuoso, he composed many works for his own performance. He was the first great master of the concerto, composing more than 25 piano concertos including those in D minor and A major. He also wrote many string quartets and piano sonatas. Of Mozarts more than 40 symphonies, the six written in his last 10 years are the most popular. They are the Haffner in D, Linz in C, Prague in D, and three composed in the summer of 1788. Other instrumental works include divertimenti, serenades including Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, and dance music. His chamber music includes the so-called Haydn and Prussian string quartets. Mozart was the foremost opera composer of his days. His comic and grand operas both are marked by sharp musical characterization and dramatic intensity. References: Einstein, Alfred. Mozart: His Character, His Work. Oxford University, 1945. Sadie, Stanley, editor. The New Grove Mozart. Norton, 1983. Mozart. New Standard Encyclopedia. Page 593-594. Volume 11.

Our people essays

Our people essays LAWRENCE OTIS GRAHAM: Our Kind of PeopleI: Inside America's Black Upper Class (5 .5 pp) Through six years of interviews with more than three hundred prominent families and individuals, journalist and commentator Lawrence Otis Graham weaves together the revealing stories and fascinating experiences of upper-class blacks who grew up with privilege and power. Previously known for his provocative New York magazine expos of elite golf clubs, when he left his law firm and went undercover as a busboy at an all-white Connecticut country club, Graham now turns his attention to the black elite. Bibliography lists 2 sources. BBblkeli.doc LAWRENCE OTIS GRAHAM: Our Kind of People Inside America's Black Upper Class Written by Barbara Babcock for the Paperstore, Inc., July 2000 Debutante cotillions. Arranged marriages. Summer trips to Martha's Vineyard. All-black boarding schools. Memberships in the Links, Deltas, Boul, or Jack and Jill. Million-dollar homes. An obsession with good hair, light complexions, top credentials, and colleges like Howard, Spelman, and Harvard. This is the world of the black upper class, exclusive, mostly hidden group that lives awkwardly between white America and mainstream black America. Through six years of interviews with more than three hundred prominent families and individuals, journalist and commentator Lawrence Otis Graham weaves together the revealing stories and fascinating experiences of upper-class blacks who grew up with privilege and power. Previously known for his provocative New York magazine expos of elite golf clubs, when he left his law firm and went undercover as a busboy at an all-white Connecticut country club, Graham now turns his attention to the black elite. Simply looking at the table of contents gives an overview of this quiet class of privilege: The Origins of the Black Upper Class; Jack and Jill...

Toulmin Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Toulmin Analysis - Essay Example The backing is also reinforced by the claim that the Web is godsend to the narrator as a writer. The backing is also emphasized by not only the assertion that research that used to be carried out in days is now done in minutes, but also the assertion that the author when not working spends a lot of time in the Web’s info-thickets’ reading (Carr 2). Additionally, the backing is emphasized by the assertion that the more time spent on the web makes a person to straggle stay focused on lengthy pieces of writing. There qualifier for the argument is that the Net has become a universal medium that provides most information which flows not only through eyes and ears, but also the mind (Carr 4). A direct rebuttal to the claim that the Internet is affecting the way we think appears in this article. The narrator claims that the advantage of accessing such an incredible of information are diverse and many. In support of the rebuttal, the narrator claims that media supply the stuff of thought as well as shape the process of

History Research Paper Outline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History Research Paper Outline - Essay Example During the period from 1762-1770, British government found itself in wars in Europe, West Indies, and Asia. This wars meant more money was required to service the British national debt(University of Massachusetts History Club 2).This led to heavy burden of taxes on British tax payers, including the colonies. British authorities began to issue a series of legislative acts which were intended to tax colonial residents (University of Massachusetts History Club 2). The acts were meant to help raise money to service the wars. If there was representation by Americans in the British parliament, these acts might not have passed because the representatives would have argued, and perhaps convinced the British authorities otherwise (University of Massachusetts History Club 2).Because there was no representation, these acts led to socioeconomic forces that destroyed the British colonial empire and subsequently led to the American Revolution. The stamp act that was passed by the British parliament, whose primary intention was to raise money for military defenses of the colonies, contributed to rising tensions. This revenue was to be achieved by ensuring the American population purchase stamps, which were a legal requirement for all official documents, licenses, and contracts (University of Massachusetts History Club 2). Newspapers were also included. This led to formation of the stamp act congress which was to be an act of defiance against the British measure (University of Massachusetts History Club 2). This congress, in their resolutions, declared and stated that they were entitled to the rights and liberties like all other British subjects. The most important declaration was their assertion that there cannot be taxation without representation (University of Massachusetts History Club 2).They believed that the only bodies that can legally impose an internal tax were their legislatures. When this resolution was sent to the British legislature, it was rejected on the

A Study of Globalisation Essay Example for Free

A Study of Globalisation Essay Executive Summary This paper attempts to make sense of globalisation from a social and business perspective. Initially I will talk briefly about globalisation within our community and the different stand points those communities and individuals have taken; for and against globalisation. I will then talk about the multinational companies that have made the phenomenon of globalisation possible and these companies various impacts on societies and local communities around the world. The topic is further analysed by using multinational food retailing companies in Latin America as a case study. Displayed to the reader through this case will be a clear indication of how local communities and in particular their farmers are affected by globalisation and multinational companies. There are many different views on globalisation; and those against it oppose many different aspects of it. One of the countless reasons why there are anti-globalisation activists is due to the following: Multinational food retailing companies, the backbone of what is known as globalisation within the supermarket industry, have in many cases entered small farming communities around the globe and destroyed a way of life for many of the farmers and labourers around them. Within Latin America these farmers have been forced to flee their homes to find refuge within the slums of the urban sprawls within their cities or even to cross borders into the USA. Introduction to Globalisation Definition: Globalisation can be defined as the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa (Giddens 1990). It has also been described as process which embodies a transformation in the spatial organisation of social relations and transactions assessed in terms of their extensity, intensity, velocity and impact generating transcontinental or inter-regional flows and networks of activity. (Held, et al 1999) In relation to Latin America (the major area of discussion of this paper) globalisation can be defined as a practice or system that has affected several of the continents most persistent problems. Such problems would be the diverse extent of economic exploitation and social disparity that has branded Latin America ever since its European colonisation in the sixteenth century. (Harris Halebsky 1995) Pro-globalisation: Free trade fosters prosperity and has an extremely important characteristic that affects our way of life. This characteristic is actually its tendency to be able to prevent war. Extensive research has shown that trade promotes peace both directly, by reducing the danger of military divergence, and indirectly, by promoting prosperity and democracy (Weede 2004). Globalisation and free trade in the 20th century and beyond can be compared with the 19th Century expansion of empires (like the British Empire). These empires built an infrastructure in developing countries; railways, ports and beautifully constructed colonial buildings were just some of the benefits these developing countries could take advantage of. Even though these commodities werent built for the benefit of the developing country (they were built for British trade) they still ultimately increased these countries abilities to trade and to become technologically independent. In the 20th Century infrastructure, technology, health and education systems implemented by the world powers, in developing and developed countries, has improved the overall quality of life for people worldwide, this does not include Africa. The average GDP for all countries except Africa has gone up; however the downside is; the difference between the rich and poor countries has also increased. The reason for this is that the countries introducing themselves to the developing countries are actually gaining a much more significant benefit. Anti-globalisation: This term is more commonly attributed to the political standpoint of certain people, groups and organisations that are in opposition to certain facets of globalisation. Those in resistance often oppose large multi-national companys dominance of global trade agreements and trade-governing bodies like WTO (the World Trade Organisation) (Graeber 2002). Otherwise known as a social movement, anti-globalisation represents its participants in their opposition to large corporations who endeavour to attain and have attained political power. Political power can be put into effect via international trade agreements, anti globalisation activists scrutinize these agreements, stating that they quite often undermine the environment, labour rights, national sovereignty, the third world, and other various aspects of our everyday lives as human beings (Graeber 2002). It is common knowledge that globalisation and free trade can affect developing countries negatively, however, the worlds most developed countries and the people who live within them are also affected negatively. Globalisation forces job opportunities from these developed countries to other countries around the world and low skilled workers in developed countries lose their jobs. This increases the difference between the rich populace and poorer populace in that country. The following quote, from the United Nations, backs this statement up and shows us why there are anti-globalisation activists. The richest fifth of the world have 80% of the worlds income and the poorest fifth have 1%; this gap has doubled between 1960 and 2000 (United Nations 1999) largely due to the impacts of globalisation. As displayed above, multi-national corporations play a substantial role within the theory and practice of globalisation, these corporations are powerful by nature and currently account for over 33 per cent of world output, and 66 per cent of world trade (Gray 1999). These organisations even though considered to be global companies are still heavily nationally embedded in terms of their business activity (Hirst and Thompson 1996). Despite this; multinational corporations still have considerable economic and cultural power. The next section of this paper will talk about these companies, their branding and how they affect communities around the world. Globalisation Multinational Companies Social Impact (How do they impact our local communities?) Branding: The main driving force for the growth of multi-national companies and the globalisation of their impact is in their brand (Klein 2001). In the mid-1980s a management theorists came up with a seemingly harmless idea that successful corporations must primarily produce brands, as opposed to products. This idea led to the exorbitant expansion of wealth and cultural influence we see in multinational companies today and over the past fifteen years (Klein 2001). Brand builders are the new primary producers in our so-called knowledge economy (Klein 2001). Modern multinational companies have used a strait to the point yet brutally honest approach to branding over the past fifteen years. This approach is that companies should not disburse their limited capital on factories that will require physical maintenance, on equipment that will decay or on workers who will undoubtedly age and perish. As an alternative, they should focus that capital in the processes used to build their brands (Smith Smith 2002). Multinationals: Multinational corporations are in actuality weak and vague organisations that generally display the corrosion of everyday values that afflict practically all late contemporary social institutions (Gray 1999). Diverse communities around the world are impacted and exploited by these multinational companies. They continually create or contract business in countries where they can profit from cheaper wages and assets. As discussed earlier this can mean added wealth and infrastructure for that community. However, it quite often means increased levels of unemployment in the city/country where the industry was located beforehand. Not to mention that the wages payed and work environment in the communities where the operations are implemented are usually relatively poor (Smith Smith 2002). Below are a few examples that articulate this situation perfectly: * The numbers of people living on less than $2 per day has risen by almost 50% since 1980, to 2.8 billion-almost half the worlds population. And this is precisely the period that has been most heavily liberalized (World Bank 2000). * The worlds poorest countries share of world trade has declined by more than 40 per cent since 1980 to a mere 0.4 per cent (UNCTAD 1999). This has been precisely the period in which the majority of multinational companies have grown exponentially, and is obviously a large factor resulting from their growth. Multinationals apart from affecting whole economic systems of countries and communities also attempt to create new markets within these communities. They search for new markets which have not yet been exploited in order to increase sales; it is typically carried out by creating new desires among target groups. The easiest target market for multinational companies to create new desires for is the child and youth market. Prized not only for the influence they have over adult spending but also for their own escalating spending power, the youth of today are one of the most profitable and influential markets (Kenway and Bullen 2001). Despite all this negative hype about multinational companies; they have played a very significant role in the growth of globalisation. Around the world individuals and communities are linked much closer to each other and information and money flow quicker than ever before. Globalisation and its creation of multinationals has resulted in making goods and services in one part of the world increasingly available in all parts of the world. International travel and communication is also much more frequent. In all globalisation has made life easier for those who can actually afford the luxuries of travel and international business. (Sourcewatch 2006). The Food Chain; Survival of the Biggest A case study of Latin America and the detrimental effects globalisation and multinational food retail companies have had on its local farmers. Commodity prices have fallen dramatically, by some two thirds over the past 30 years, so that farmers have had to triple production just to maintain their incomes. One example among many: in just the last three years, Tanzanian farmers experienced a decline of 50% in the price of coffee. (OXFAM 2001) While farmers earn less, consumers have been paying more. (ONeill 2001) Although, according to the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organisation, Latin America produces four times the amount of food needed to feed the population, 58 million people are still malnourished. Introduction: During the 1980s a transformation within Latin America began; this transformation was one that would shape the future of farmers all over the continent for decades to come. For some it would be a positive change, however a large majority found it to be the opposite. The transformation I talk about is opening up of trade barriers within Latin America in order to allow food retailing companies access to the regions un-commercialised and fertile lands. During the 1990s the revolution in food retailing within Latin America accelerated extraordinarily as countries unbolted their economies to suit conditions for financing from the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. As Latin Americas overall FDI significantly increased; multinational food retailers bought out local chains and entered joint ventures with the obstinate ones. The greatest fears for farmers in the region were realised when the multinational companies introduced unfair trade rivalry from American and European growers with weighted financial backing. Small farmers are constantly left to compete with the biggest world players as these food retailing chains (products of globalisation) move from large cities to smaller towns and from economically sound countries to ones still developing their economic and social systems (Dugger 2004). These chains are now the prevailing force in the trade of processed foods and theyre produce sales are growing to a similar reputati on. When global food retail companies dominate a market, there are scenarios whereby it can be seen to be advantageous for all the citizens within that community. Such a scenario would be when the economy, of the region being taken over, is growing energetically and spawning decent jobs for globalisations losers, because in spite of everything the chains are creating cheaper, cleaner and safer shopping environments for these societies. Samuel Morley, a visiting research fellow at the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), has written extensively on inequality and labour economics in Latin America, he stated that It would be an appealing transformation of the sector if alternative jobs could be made available, however these scenarios never seem to materialise in Latin America and other developing countries/continents around the world as they do not have economies of great strength. As Latin Americas population grows its economic situation trails further and further behind. In Latin America, 220 million of the total regional population of 500 million people are poor. The case study that I will shortly talk about outlines just how bad the situation in Guatemala is, Guatemala is actually one of Latin Americas better off regions, with supermarkets controlling 10-15% of grocery sales. Therefore the case gives you an indication of what the more unfortunate farming communities, in Latin America, must have to endure. For example in Argentina supermarket chains control 30% of this industry and in Brazil; 50% (Dugger 2004). Rural markets shrink throughout the continent, even though the victims of globalisation are pushed to trade within them, these rural markets are slowly but surely lost in the black holes that we call multinational companies. Within a single decade Latin Americas farming communities have been transformed by food retail giants such as Ahold and Walmart. These multinational goliaths have transfigured food distribution by offering low prices, a range of choices and convenience; they are now also changing the face of food growing (Dugger 2004). This could seem positive to some, however it is far from that; there are thousands of Latin American farming communities who have been devastated by the unforseen and overwhelming challenges that these companies bring (Dugger 2004). The major visible impact that these changes have had within the farming communities over the past decade is the great increase in the number of, now penniless, farming migrants entering the urban slums of their own countries and crossing the American border to seek refuge from their new corporately governed country side. Guatemalas Local Farmers Suffer (Case): Within the serene confines of the extraordinarily fertile and incredibly poor Guatemala, supermarket giants have crushed farmers to the point where they are no longer able to maintain operations within the land they once called home. Guatemala was once, not long ago, a place where people swapped produce for service and service for produce, money was required to sustain theyre everyday living, however, life was effortless and uncomplicated up until the multinational giants arrived on Latin American shores. Guatemalan man Mario Chinchilla would inspect his field of sickly tomatoes on a daily basis; he would labour all day trying to meet the requirements of the new supermarkets which had opened up in town, however no amount of labour could possibly turn his crop into the stout, flawless product that Guatemalas leading supermarket chain offered to its customers (Dugger 2004). A better product at a cheaper price, it seems good all round doesnt it, but at the end of the day it has ruined many people lives. The chain I talk about is a giant Dutch multinational company named Ahold (Worlds 3rd largest retailer). The Chain is so large it includes names such as Bi-Lo and Stop Shop under its assets. For some time Mario headed a farmers cooperative that was managing to sell produce to the chain however this proved to be an ephemeral opportunity whereby the multinational chain ran away with the locals hopes and dreams, leaving them to sit in their unsold crops of rotting vegetables. The reason for this was because the multinational retailers require farmers who encompass the proficiency and capital to invest in modern farming technologies such as; greenhouses, drip irrigation and pest control (Dugger 2004). They wanted consistent supply without ups and downs, said Mr Chinchilla. We didnt have the capacity to do it (Dugger 2004). Inequality, rebellion and violent repression within Latin America has been a recurring problem for many decades, during the 1990s there was already a gap between rich and poor and the supermarket chains have simply added to this gap. This time Latin America has tried a different (non-violent) approach. In order to fight for their right to live comfortably in their homeland farmers joined forces; there are rare success stories, however many (like Mario Chinchilla and his Co-op) have suffered a more common fate. In Guatemala there is a tiny farming community named Lo de Silva; more than 300 farmers who originally belonged to Mr. Chinchillas co-op, the Association of Small Irrigation Users of Palencia, were from this village (Dugger 2004). Out of those 300 farmers there are only 8 still enduring the torment that globalisation has brought them. These remaining farmers arent even able to sell to the supermarkets they sell their product to middle men for severely discounted prices; to top this off the only product the middlemen will accept from them is salad tomatoes. Mr. Chinchillas case is an ideal example that demonstrates how the opportunity of success for small farmers is a remote prospect to most. Small farmers are simply getting left behind due to their lack of market pull and marketing/operational techniques (Dugger 2004). A survival of the biggest situation has been created only the big can serve the big; the small need not apply, as global companies wipe out local distinctions in establishing a level economic playing field. (Hannaford 2006). During the 1990s food retail conglomerates went from controlling between 10 and 20 percent of the Latin American market to totally dominating it (Economist.com 1997). During this period, in Guatemala specifically, the quantity of supermarkets has more than doubled; as their share of food retailed has reached 35 percent. The smaller shops and open air markets still remain and retail a great deal of fruits and vegetables in Guatemala. For customers to leave these historically enriched and characterised markets and enter the newly opened supermarkets in the region, is to leave behind Guatemala and enter a commercialised shopping centre that could reside in Hong Kong or London, with its marked down jumbo packages and symmetrical fruits in plastic trays. None of this, however, matters unless the bottom line is understood. The bottom line is that the rules of the World Trade Organisation are actually taking second place in importance to the privately set standards of the food retail giants. Also pressures from the I.M.F. and the World Bank to allow greater foreign investment into Latin America were proposed to formulate more competitive economies for them; however it is obvious that this model didnt have a community element at its centre. Hardships have come from; not only what I described previously (the fact that the farmers must sell theyre produce at much cheaper prices, better quality and in a more convenient matter) but also from the fact that that they are now competing with the rest of Latin America, the United States and even the world because trade borders have been opened to allow almost anyone import and export capabilities. Rigid opposition from internationally renound growers is now a reality for Central and Latin American farmers; at a distribution centre, for a subsidiary company of Ahold in Guatemala City, shipments of apples from Washington, pineapples from Chile, potatoes from Idaho and avocados from Mexico are brought in (Hannaford 2006). Conclusion Globalisation has positive and negative affects on our society. This paper has outlined in great detail the negative affects of globalisation and multinational food retailing companies on Latin Americas and the worlds small farmers. The reason for this is due to the fact that there were; only on occasion, very rare and unusual success stories to be found about smaller farmers succeeding in their sales to companies such as Ahold and Walmart, within Latin America. After researching farming communities around the globe, it can be deduced that Latin America is not alone in this battle to produce food and sell it at competitive prices, while still maintaining some sort of meaningful social existence. Asian, African and Indian farmers; have been heavily exploited. Even farmers within more developed countries such as Australia have had to sell their products at severely discounted prices in order to satisfy multinational company standards. Farmers world wide, are however, not alone. Traditional strategies of help to farmers that feel the hardships of globalisation, such as providing fertilizers and improved seeds, are no longer enough to enable them to sustain their businesses. Professors and agronomists are banding together to document trends and develop new methods of help that will allow the fleeing farmers of Latin America, Africa and Asia to compete with others in selling products to the multinationals. In the midst of the these methods a few techniques stand out, such as; regulations put upon the multinationals that require farmers be paid promptly, laws that restrain these companies from dominating entire markets (such as mergers of supermarket chains) and enhanced hygiene and convenience through technology at open-air markets. After reading this paper I hope you too can conclude it is important that societies living within the limitations of this amazing world are given the chance to experience lifes pleasures and break out of the chain of inevitable failures that multinational corporations have brought to them. Being given the chance to make an honest and fair living, is only basic compassion and mercy; two marvellous characterises that any individual can encompass. If multinational food retail companies and global companies in general were able to, in some way, display this, then Anti-Globalisation would be a much less used expression. References * Dugger, C. W., (2004) Foreign Desk Late Edition Final, Section A, Page 1, Column 1, New York Times December 28, Tuesday. (http://www.nytimes.com) * Economist.com, (1997) Survey: Business In Latin America Back on the pitch, The Economist print edition. * Giddens, A., (1990) Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press. * Graeber, D., (2002) New Left Review 13, January-February issue, The New Anarchist. * Gray, J., (1999) False Dawn. The delusions of global capitalism, London: Granta. 262 pages. * Hannaford, S., (Last updated 2006) Small farmers versus oligopolies: No contest, (http://www.oligopolywatch.com). * Harris, R. L., Halebsky, S., (1995) Capital, Power, and Inequality in Latin America, chapter: The Global Context of Contemporary Latin American Affairs, (Boulder. CO., Westview Press.) * Held, D., McGrew, A., Goldblatt, D. and Perraton, J. (1999) Global Transformations politics, economics and culture, Cambridge: Polity Press. * Hirst, P. and Thompson, G., (1996) Globalisation in Question. London: Polity Press. * Kenway, J. and Elizabeth Bullen, (2001) Consuming Children: Entertainment, Advertising and Education, Open University Press. * Klein, N., (2001) No Logo, London: Flamingo. 490 pages. * ONeill, B., (2001) Whats eating Us? OXFAM News. (http://www.oxfam.ca/news/WorldFoodDay/Whats_eating_us.htm) * OXFAM. (2001) Briefing Paper No 9, November. (http://www.oxfam.org.uk/search?SearchableText=Briefing+Paperssubmit.x=19submit.y=8) * Smith, M. K. and Smith, M., (2002) Globalization encyclopaedia infed. (www.infed.org/biblio/globalization.htm) * Sourcewatch 2006 Globalisation, (Centre for Media and Democracy) http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Globalization). * UNCTAD. (1999) Conference on Least Developed Countries. (http://www.unctad.org/Templates/Page.asp?intItemID=3073lang=1) * United Nations. (1999) Human Development Report. * Weede, E., (2004) The Independent Review, Volume 9, number 2, The Diffusion of Prosperity and Peace by Globalisation. * World Bank. (2000) Global Economic Outlook Report. Washington: World Bank.(http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,menuPK:232599~pagePK:64133170~piPK:64133498~theSitePK:239419,00.html)

U.S./Mexico Relations: Surviving the War in Iraq? Essay -- Essays Pap

U.S./Mexico Relations: Surviving the War in Iraq? In the United States’ current state of war with Iraq, its relationships to other world powers have become increasingly important. The U.S.’s relationship with Mexico, in particular, has emerged as one of the most crucial relationships that the U.S. must work to maintain in this state of war. In recent years, the U.S. and Mexico have established and developed a famously strong relationship, and the friendship between U.S. President Bush and Mexico President Vicente Fox has continued to solidify the connection between the two countries. Bush was quoted in the Economist as saying, back in 2001, â€Å"America has no closer relationship† . The closeness of this relationship has placed both countries in precarious, high-pressure positions relative to one another with regard to the war in Iraq. In particular, negotiations between the two leaders on issues of trade and immigration laws have shaped the current relationship between Mexico and the U.S. and have consequ ently contributed to the strain that both leaders have felt, and continue to feel, as they struggle to maintain this close relationship in the face of the war. More specifically, recent developments, or lack thereof, with regard to these issues have significantly influenced Fox’s decision of whether or not to support the U.S. in the war against Iraq. Furthermore, media portrayal both of negotiations between the two countries and of the effects that the negotiations are having on U.S./Mexico relations is influencing public perceptions of the relationship in both countries, and, as a result, may even be affecting the relationship itself in the process. As America prepared to attack Iraq, Mexico faced the difficult decisio... ...urrent issues that strain the crucial bond between Mexico and the United States. Works Cited 1.) http://www.economist.com/cities/displaystory.cfm?story_id=1608395 2.) http://aztlan.net/mexicounsc.htm 3.) http://larouchein2004.net/pages/interviews/2002/021119excelsior.htm 4.) http://www.rense.com/general48/tue.htm 5.) http://english.pravda.ru/world/2003/01/07/41704.html 6.) http://www.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/americas/04/13/venezuela/ 7.) http://www.socialistaction.org/news/200207/show.html 8.) http://usembassy.state.gov/mumbai/wwwhwashnews810.html 9.) http://www.guardian.co.uk/wto/article/0,2763,1019250,00.html 10.) http://www.sltrib.com/2003/Mar/03172003/utah/38978.asp 11.) http://aztlan.net/mexicounsc.htm 12.) http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/03/05/national/main604190.shtml 13.) http://eatthestate.org/07-19/ItsAboutMexicos.htm U.S./Mexico Relations: Surviving the War in Iraq? Essay -- Essays Pap U.S./Mexico Relations: Surviving the War in Iraq? In the United States’ current state of war with Iraq, its relationships to other world powers have become increasingly important. The U.S.’s relationship with Mexico, in particular, has emerged as one of the most crucial relationships that the U.S. must work to maintain in this state of war. In recent years, the U.S. and Mexico have established and developed a famously strong relationship, and the friendship between U.S. President Bush and Mexico President Vicente Fox has continued to solidify the connection between the two countries. Bush was quoted in the Economist as saying, back in 2001, â€Å"America has no closer relationship† . The closeness of this relationship has placed both countries in precarious, high-pressure positions relative to one another with regard to the war in Iraq. In particular, negotiations between the two leaders on issues of trade and immigration laws have shaped the current relationship between Mexico and the U.S. and have consequ ently contributed to the strain that both leaders have felt, and continue to feel, as they struggle to maintain this close relationship in the face of the war. More specifically, recent developments, or lack thereof, with regard to these issues have significantly influenced Fox’s decision of whether or not to support the U.S. in the war against Iraq. Furthermore, media portrayal both of negotiations between the two countries and of the effects that the negotiations are having on U.S./Mexico relations is influencing public perceptions of the relationship in both countries, and, as a result, may even be affecting the relationship itself in the process. As America prepared to attack Iraq, Mexico faced the difficult decisio... ...urrent issues that strain the crucial bond between Mexico and the United States. Works Cited 1.) http://www.economist.com/cities/displaystory.cfm?story_id=1608395 2.) http://aztlan.net/mexicounsc.htm 3.) http://larouchein2004.net/pages/interviews/2002/021119excelsior.htm 4.) http://www.rense.com/general48/tue.htm 5.) http://english.pravda.ru/world/2003/01/07/41704.html 6.) http://www.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/americas/04/13/venezuela/ 7.) http://www.socialistaction.org/news/200207/show.html 8.) http://usembassy.state.gov/mumbai/wwwhwashnews810.html 9.) http://www.guardian.co.uk/wto/article/0,2763,1019250,00.html 10.) http://www.sltrib.com/2003/Mar/03172003/utah/38978.asp 11.) http://aztlan.net/mexicounsc.htm 12.) http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/03/05/national/main604190.shtml 13.) http://eatthestate.org/07-19/ItsAboutMexicos.htm

Advertisement and Promotion in Business

Abstract With the increase in competition among different businesses across all industries, it is vital for companies to ensure that they implement ideal promotional strategies to maintain their competitiveness. This paper presents an in-depth analysis on several aspects of business advertisement and promotions. It addresses the scope of marketing strategies, which covers the process of communication in advertisement, the organization of the advertisement industry in the United Kingdom, the regulation of the industry and the current trends in advertising. It also covers the concept of below-the-line advertisement and suggests the promotional strategies that can be used by Pringles, a well renowned snack brand. Introduction Advertisement and promotion play a vital role in the marketing of products and services of any company by increasing brand awareness and attracting customers (Shimp & Andrews, 2013). It is one of the four components of the 4Ps of marketing, which comprise of product, price, promotion and place (Pride, 2013). Whereas there are different approaches to advertising and promotion, they all have the main objective of communicating about what companies have to offer to their target clients (Percy & Rosenbaum-Elliott, 2012). With the ongoing increase in competition across all industries, companies that fail to advertise or promote their products and services risk losing their competitive edge regardless of how proper the other elements of the marketing mix are (Reynolds & Lancaste, 2013). This paper covers different issues of advertisement and promotion. These include the marketing communications’ scope and below the line advertisement approaches that can be used to promote Pringles, one of their products. It also designs a plan for an integrated promotional strategy for Pringles. Task 1 – Scope of Marketing Communications1. Explain the communication process that applies to advertising and promotion.Communication in advertisement and promotion aims to ensure that that the messages that businesses intend to pass to their consumers are effectively relayed (Shimp & Andrews, 2013). There are different steps through which these messages undergo before arriving to their target audiences. In promotion and advertisement, the sender – in this case, the advertising company – encodes the message and relays it through a transmission device (Wharton, 2013). Encoding is the creative creation of cues that can either be verbal or non-verbal that will pass the intended message to customers in the most effective manner and also attract the highest possible attention among the target customers (Reynolds & Lancaste, 2013). After the message has been encoded, ideal transmission devices or avenues are used to pass the message (Wharton, 2013). With the different customer segments being targeted by companies, it is important to select the most ideal avenue through which the advertisement can be passed (Pride, 2013). The message is then decoded by the receiver, where it will trigger different actions in response to the advertisement, which include making purchases of the advertised products or services (Reynolds & Lancaste, 2013). Whereas companies expect the communication processes of advertisements to lack barriers, there are several that may limit the attainment of the intended advertisement objectives (Wharton, 2013). One of these is the presence of many other adverts by competing companies that may divide the attention of target consumers this is mainly referred to as clutter (Kaser, 2012).2. Explain the organisation of the advertising and promotions industry.The advertising and promotions industry com prises of different entities. These include advertisers, advertising agencies, media organizations and external facilitators (Friedlein, 2014). The roles played by all these parties contribute towards the success of the industry. To ensure effectiveness of this industry, different countries have different approaches of managing these involved parties (O’guinn et al., 2011). In the United Kingdom and Europe, there are different bodies that are involved in the running of the industry. These include the European Association of Communications Agencies (EACA), and the Promotional Marketing Council (PMC) (Warc, 2014). EACA represents media agency associations and full-service advertising across Europe (EACA, 2014). It is based in Brussels, Belgium, and focuses on the promotion for responsible effective and honest advertisement. The organisation also promotes high levels of professionalism and fosters close cooperation among different advertisers, agencies and media outlets in Europ e. PMC, on the other hand, represents the sales promotion industry. Some of the parties represented include suppliers, clients and agencies across several countries in Europe (Warc, 2014).3. Assess how promotion is regulated.Regulation involves the creation or certain rules and regulations to govern different activities in advertisement and promotion. In the United Kingdom, an advertising self-regulatory system for non-broadcast advertising was set up in UK in 1961. This step was taken to ensure that advertisements are responsible and achieve the purpose of making customers aware of products and their repurchase of the products. The UK regulates the promotion industry by using a combination of practice and legislation codes (Advertising Standards Authority, 2014). There are two regulatory committees that create, revise and monitor advertising codes. These are the Broadcast Committee of Advertising Practice (BCAP) and the Committee of Advertising Practice (CAP). The BCAP code creates broadcast advertising rules while CAP creates rules for non-broadcasting advertising, direct marketing and sales promotion (Farrell & Gordon, 2012). These rules are enforced by the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA). With the changes that are always taking place in advertising, these rules are regularly revised to increase effectiveness (Kaser, 2012). However, keeping up with this pace is quite challenging because of the increase in advertisement avenues that has been made possible by technological advancements. As a result, increasing numbers of customers are falling prey to advertisers that advertise inexistent or poor quality products (Cho et al., 2014).4. Examine current trends in advertising and promotion, including the impact of ICT.The current trends in advertising and promotion have majorly been influenced by the increase in the use of the internet and social networking among target customers, which has largely been as a result of ICT development (Friedlein, 2014). There are various internet related trends in product advertising and promotion. These trends include; social media, online display advertising and mobile advertising. Advertisements on the social media, such as Facebook and Twi tter, are on the rise and are referred to as sponsored content (Seth & Kapoor, 2014). Companies are taking advantage of the growing number of people using these avenues because in total, there are approximately 2 billion people signed up to different social media platforms (Tuten & Solomon, 2012). Online display marketing is on the rise, and involves the advertisement of company websites on other websites that target consumers frequently use (Kaser, 2012). According to Persaud and Azhar (2012), an increase in the use of smartphones has also given rise to internet mobile advertising. This is where advertisers reach consumers personally through platforms, such as social media or sending links to company websites, in the form of text messages (Persaud & Azhar, 2012). Whereas these developments provide a convenience of reaching a wide range of clients in a short time and on a smaller budget, there are also different associated demerits (Friedlein, 2014). One of these is the information risk that customers and companies may be prone to because of hacking (Cho et al., 2014). Social media has been regarded by some researchers as one of the fastest avenues through which information passes. Thus, any mistake by a company that may tarnish its reputation can be detrimental to its brand (Tuten & Solomon, 2012). Task 3: Primary techniques of below-the-line technique of sales promotion1. Explain primary techniques of below-the-line promotion and develop a BTL campaign for the brand, â€Å"Pringles†Below-the-line promotionBelow-the line advertisement is a promotional strategy that tends to use other mediums apart from the typical ones like the internet, broadcast, print and billboards (Kaser, 2012). Many companies in the present-day business environment utilize this strategy alongside above-the-line and through-the-line advertisement (Reynolds & Lancaste, 2013). One of the main attributes of this approach to advertisement is that it is less expensive. However, many companies combine this with above-the-line promotions so as to maintain a better market position, below-the-line promotion being just as complement (Gautam, 2013). Several below-the-line advertisement techniques are discussed hereunder. Field marketing or promotion: It is a process through which salespeople target customers on a one-on-one basis with the aim of promoting certain products and services (Stone & Desmond, 2007). One of the advantages of this approach is that it provides customers with a close interaction with the product being promoted and the salesmen. However, this is time consuming and some customers may not be quite welcoming to the salespeople (Sigala, 2010). The use of coupons: this below the line approach to promotion involves handing coupons to prospective purchasers of commodities and offering incentives or discounts to attract customers, especially those who are price-sensitive (Wharton, 2013). Given that such approaches often offer product at reduced prices for a short duration, there is always a risk of reduced sales when the company resumes its original prices (Kumar & Rajan, 2012). Loyalty programs: These are packages that offer rewards to the frequent buyers of commodities due to their loyalty to the retail outlets (Grewal et al., 2011). Such programs are common in the airline industry, where frequent flyers of a given airline numbering a specified number of flights are awarded for their loyalty in different ways, which may also include free flights. These programs are however more ideal for customers with easy accessibility to the company products (Kaser, 2012).A below-the-line campaign for PringlesPringles is a potato and wheat manufactured snack owned and run under the Kellogg Company (Pringles, 2014). Below-the-line advertisement can be used to compliment the current promotional strategies used. One of the below-the-line approaches that can be used to market Pringles is the field promotion or field marketing approach. To effectively implement this promotional strategy, it is vital for the company to recruit salespeople that have the experience and skills needed to enable them convince people they have never met before to choose the Pringles over competing products in the market (Kaser, 2012). Small samples ought to be distributed for free or be sold at a lower price. Considering that the company mainly targets teenagers and students (Gillespie & Hennessey, 2010), it is advisable for the company to use younger salespeople who are more aware of how to approach and appeal to teenagers. The most ideal places that promoters of this product can target are those with high population of teenagers, like schools, colleges or recreational parks. Though this marketing approach provides an excellent avenue for building a relationship between the target customers and the brand, companies have to invest heavily in training salespeople or promoters to enable them deal with customers of diverse tastes and backgrou nds (Sigala, 2010).2. Evaluate other techniques that can also be used in this BTL campaign.Apart from the above below-the-line approach that can be used by Pringles, there are several other methods that may be adopted to boost sales and promote the product. They are examined below. Pringles can use the Intercept method, where trained sales personnel are positioned at retail outlets besides the shelves holding Pringles in retail stores and supermarkets (Stone & Desmond, 2007). Their main role is to persuade incoming buyers into the stores to purchase Pringles by highlighting their advantages over other competing products. Whereas this approach can increase the sales for the company, it has been criticized for causing impulse buying among customers (Pride, 2013). Sponsorship is also an ideal below the line promotional strategy that can be used by Pringles. This is whereby the company supports events and activities through provision of funds and other resources that are valuable to the success of the event (Woisetschlager & Michaelis, 2012). For Pringles, this strategy can be implemented by sponsoring sports for schools and youth concerts. Awareness of the company or products can be increased by ensuring by printing T-Shirts, caps or any other apparel to be worn by those attending the event. Even with this convenience that the strategy offers to customers, it can be quite cost intensive for the company depending on the size or magnitude of the event being sponsored (Lee et al., 2012). This may have an adverse impact on the company’s return on investment. Task 4: Plan Integrated Promotional Strategies1. Follow an appropriate process for the formulation of a budget for this integrated promotional strategyAn integrated promotional strategy refers to an approach to promotion where a company uses different avenues to and tools to increase the awareness of products (Kaser, 2012). This section presents a plan for a promotional strategy that can be used to market Pringles. Even with the current success that it enjoys across the markets that it operates (Gillespie & Hennessey, 2010), there is still a need for the company to penetrate more in the market and further increase its market share. To implement a successful promotional strategy, it is vital for the company to identify the resources or activities that will be involved. After they are identified, the appropriate budgetary allocation will be done to facilitate the strategy (Reynolds & Lancaste, 2013). The avenues that will be used in this promotion strategy are TV commercials, billboards and online advertisement through social media outlets. The budget is summarized as below. Promotional TechniquesBudget allocation TV commercials?1 million Billboards?100,000 Social media promotion YouTube video advertisements?50,000 Facebook?50,000 Twitter?50,000 Total?1.25 million 2&3: Carry out the development of a promotional plan for the Pringles and plan the integration of promotional techniques into the promotional strategy for PringlesThe table above represents the promotional techniques that will be used in the promotion of Pringles. TV commercials will be used by airing advertisements of the product on channels that air programs that are mostly viewed by the company’s target customers, who are teenagers and the youth (Saxena, 2010). The most ideal channels on which to air these advertisements are music or sports channels. Billboards will be effective if they are located in areas that are densely populated and are located close to outlets of the products. With an increasing number of people who have signed up on Facebook and Twitter social networks, advertising products on these sites also increases their visibility among the target audience (Tuten & Solomon, 2012). It also enables the company to actively engage with the customers that it is tar geting. Thus, it will be imperative for Pringles to consider utilizing these avenues for promotion.4. Appropriate techniques for measuring campaign effectivenessThere are different approaches that can be used by companies in measuring the effectiveness of their promotional campaigns. One of these is the amount of feedback from customers. This is usually mainly in form of inquiries through different avenues about the product being marketed (Pride, 2013). When inquiries are high, it means that the advertisement strategy was effective, and vice versa. Another approach that can be used is the estimation of sales prior to and after the launch of the promotional campaign or the return on investment (ROI) (Kaser, 2012). Successful promotional campaigns ought to result in an increase in sales levels of the company and create revenues that surpass the investment that was put in the promotional activity. For social media advertisements, tools such as SentiStrength can be used to assess the re ception of consumers to the advertisements. SentiStrenth is a sentiment measuring tool that evaluates the level of positivity or negativity of short texts that are mainly used in commenting on social media sites (SentiStrength, 2014). Conclusion Advertisement and promotion are vital components of the marketing mix. Some of the roles that they play include increasing of awareness among target customers about a company’s products and attracting new customers. This paper has addressed different issues that relate to this component of marketing. Under the scope of marketing communications, the paper has explained how the communication works process in promotion. It has also discussed how the organisation and regulation of the advertisement industry in the United Kingdom. The concept of below-the-line advertisement and an integrated promotional strategy that can be used to market Pringles have also been presented. For companies that intend to maintain their competitiveness in the market and attract a wide range of customers, it s vital for them to ensure that their promotional strategies are relevant to their target audiences. Whereas this paper has provided an in-depth understanding on the concepts of advertising and prom otion, in future, primary research can be incorporated, with members of the marketing department and a section of its target customers as respondents. References Advertising Standards Authority, 2014. About Regulation. 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